MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY QUESTION BANK

				SECTION – A
1.	The carbon source of heterotropic bacteria is
	(a) Organic compound   (b) Carbondioxide (c) Carbon mono oxide (d) Bi carbonate
2.	Chemoautotrophs derive their energy from
	(a) Inorganic compound			(b) Organic compound				(c) Light  (d) None of the above
3.	Organisms make most efficient use of					poor nutrient supply are called
	(a) Oligotrophs		(b) barophiles				(c) auxotrophs		(d) Prototrophs
4.	Organism which can grow either autotrophically or heterotrophically are called
	(a) Facultative autotrophs			(b) Obligate autotrophs
	(c) Photo autotrophs			(d) Lithotrophs
5.	Which one of the following is a major nutrient to bacteria
	(a) Phosphorus		(b) Copper		(c) Zinc			(d) Manganese
6.	_______ serve as a cofactor for many enzymes, complexes with ATP and stabilizes
	ribosomes and cell membranes.
	(a) Magnesium		(b) Molybdenum				(c) cobalt		(d) Nickel
7.	______is a part of cytochromes and cofactor for enzymes and electron carrying proteins.
	(a) Fe2+ and Fe3+		(b) Ca2+		(c) Mo2+			(d) Co2+
8.	_____ aids many enzymes catalyzing the transfer of phosphate groups
	(a) Manganese		(b) cobalt		(c) Nickel			(d) calcium
9.	_____ is required for nitrogen fixation
	(a) Molybdenum		(b) Zinc		(c) copper			(d) Aluminium
10.	Pick out the photoautotrophic bacteria
	(a) Chromatium		(b) Bacillus		(c) Rhizobium (d) Nitrobacter
11.	Which one of the following is vitamin –B
	(a) Riboflavin		(b) Thiamine				(c) Niacine		(d) Molybdenum
12.	Photoautotrophs		use carbon-di-oxide as the main source of
	(a) Carbon	(b) Energy		(c) Oxygen			(d) Hydrogen
13.	All chemolithotrophs are autotrophs (True/False)

14.	_______use light as source of energy and CO2 as the main source of carbon.
	(a) Photoautotrophs		(b) Chemoautotrophs
	(c) Chemohetertrophs		(d) photoheterotrophs
15.	The organisms referred as rock eaters are
	(a) Chemolithotrophs		(b) Photolithotrophs
	©Photoorganotrophs		(d) Chemoorganotrophs
16.	Organisms extract electrons or hydrogen from organic compounds					are called
	(a) Organotrophs		(b) Lithotrophs		(c) Chemotrophs	(d) None of the
	above
17.	Bacteria relying on inorganic energy source and organic carbon source are called
	(a) Mixotrophic		(b) Myxobacteria		(c) Microbiota	(d) Mycobiont
18.	Organism requiring the same nutrients as most naturally occurring members of its
	species are called
	(a) Prototroph		(b) Phototroph		(c) Synchrotroph	(d) Diauxotroph
19.	______ is needed for the synthesis of amino acids cysteine and methionine
	(a) Sulfur	(b) phosphorus		(c) Potassium  (d) Thiamine

20.   Organic compound essential for synthesis of cell components or precursors of such components cannot be synthesized by microorganism are called

	(a) Growth factor	(b) Minerals		(c) Vitamins   (d) Trace elements
21.	It is used to maintain organisms in continuous culture
	(a) Chemostat	(b) BOD incubator
	(c) Autoclave	(d) Spectrophotometer
22.	The salt loving organisms are called
	(a) Halophiles	(b) Thermophiles			(c) Psychrophiles	(d) Acidophiles
23.	Decline phase of growth curve occurs due to
	(a) Depletion of nutrients			(b) Accumulation of toxins
	© Both a and b			(d) none of the above
24.	Old or stationary culture inoculated in same				medium
	(a) Lag phase		(b) Log phase
	(c) Decline phase		(d) All the above
25.	During this phase of growth curve cells divide exponentially

	(a) Log Phase	(b) Lag phase	(c) Stationary phase		(d) Idiophase
26.	The organisms quite common under alkaline conditions are
	(a) Sulphur bacteria	(b) Yeasts	(c) molds	(d) Cyanobacteria
27.	Primary metabolism occurs during the _____________
	(a) Trophophase	(b) Idiophase	(c) Decline phase			(d) None of the
	above
28.	The optimum growth temperature for obligate thermophiles is
	(a) 55oC – 65oC	(b) 35oC -45oC(c) 37oC - 50oC			(d) 80oC - 90oC
29.	In this stage of growth phase the generation time is shortest and constant
	(a) Accelerated growth phase		(b) Lag Phase
	(c) Exponential phase		(d) Stationary phase

30.   The time required for the doubling of cell number is known as _________. (generation time/doubling time)

31.   Microbial population can be maintained in a state of exponential growth over a long period of time by

(a) Continuous culture            (c) Batch culture

(b) Synchronous culture         (d) pure culture

32.   Shape of bacterial growth curve is _________. (Sigmoid)

33.   All the cells divide at the same time in

(a)	Synchronous culture	(b) Batch culture
(c) Continuous culture		(d) Fed-batch culture

34.   Stationary phase is usually reached by bacteria at a population level of

(a)    10⁹cells/ml(b) 10⁶cells/ml (c)10³ cells/ml (d) 10¹²cells/ml

35.   Bacterial death occurs if the internal pH drops much below

(a) 5.0 to 5.5               (b) 2.0 to 2.5               (c) 7.0 to 7.5                (d) 10.0 to 10.5

36.   Microorganisms have distinct temperature ranges for growth with minima, optima and maxima is called

(a) Cardinal temperature         (c) Eurythermal

(b)  Stenothermal                    (d) Stable temperature

37.   The bacterial mean generation time is the reciprocal of the mean growth rate constant (True/False)

38.   The rate of growth in a batch culture was expressed in terms of

(a) Mean growth rate constant           (c) Mean generation time

(b) Mean doubling time                      (d) None of the above

39.   Extreme halophiles accumulate enormous quantities of _____ to remain hypertonic to their environment

	(a) Potassium		(b) Phosphorus		(c) Magnesium	(d) carbon
40.	The organisms in which their			internal temperature varies with that of the external
	environment are called
	(a) Poikilothermic		(b) Extremophiles		(c) Thermophiles	(d) Neutrophiles
41.	Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in
	(a) EMP pathway			(b) ED pathway
	(c) HMP			(d) Glyoxylate pathway
42.	Glycolysis converts glucose to
	(a) Pyruvate		(b) Acetic acid		(c) Ethanol	(d) carbon dioxide
43.	The primary and universal carrier of chemical energy in cell is
	(a) ATP	(b) DNA		(c) RNA	(d) NADP
44.	Pyruvate is the product in
	(a) EMP Pathway		(b) ED pathway		(c) HMP pathway	(d) All the above

45.   The complete oxidation of glucose under aerobic conditions yield_______ ATP molecules

(a)    38 (b) 16  (c) 20  (d) 32

46.   Biosynthesis of cellular components is necessary for ______ of organism

(a) Growth	(b) Maintenance	(c) Energy	(d) None of the above
47. Organisms obtain energy during oxidation of the ______ process
(a) Catabolic	(b) Anabolic   (c) Oxidation- reduction			(d) None of the above

48.   The process in which oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate to produce1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid is known as

	(a) Substrate level phosphorylation	(c) Oxidative phosphorylation
	(b) photophosphorylation	(d) None of the above
49.	Chemiosmotic hypothesis was proposed by
	(a) Mitchel    (b) Helmstetter	(c) Moat	(d) Michael
50.	All the chemical reactions occurs in the living system are collectively

	called as ----------------
	(a) Metabolism	(b) Catabolism		(c)Anabolism	(d) all the above
51.	A metabolic pathway contains series of			----------- reaction to produce
	specific product.
	(a) Enzyme    (b) Chemical		(c) biological		(d) None of the above
52.	Metabolism broadly divided into ----
	(a) Anabolism & Catabolism			(b)  Metabolism & Catabolism
	(c) Anabolism & Metabolism			(d)  all the above

53.   Catabolism is a reaction in which --------

(a)   Complex substance converted to simple

(b)   Simple substance converted to Complex

(c)   Energy is gained

(d)  All the above

54.   Anabolism is reaction in which --------

(a)   Simple substance converted to Complex

(b)   Complex substance converted to simple

(c)   Energy is gained

(d)  All the above

55.   In catabolism, energy is trapped in form of -----------

	(a) ATP		(b) ADP	(c)   NADP		(d) NADPH
56.	Polysaccharide converted to monosacchride is example of -
	(a)catabolism		(b)Anabolism (c) Metabolism				(d) all the above
57.	Anabolic and catabolic pathways are			---------------
	(a) Reversible		(b) Irreversible		(c) complex		(d) None of the above
58.	------------- % of ATP is synthesized in TCA cycle.
	(a) 60 to 70%		(b) 70 to 80%		(c) 90 to 100%		(d) 50%
59.	------------ ATP molecules produced in TCA cycle.
	(a) 20	(b) 31	(c) 18		(d) 40

60.   In TCA cycle, condensation of acetyl co A & oxaloacetate catalyzed by enzyme --------------

(a) Citrate synthase                 (b) Malate dehydrogenase

	(c) Aconitase			(d) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
61.	The formation of sulphide by sulphate reduction is carried out by
	(a) Ddesulfovibrio		(b) Thiobacillus			(c) Mycoplasma			(d) Streptomyces
62.	In fermentation this serves both as hydrogen donor and hydrogen acceptor
	(a) Organic compound			(b) H2S		(c) Water		d) None of the above
63.	The nitrate respiration process releases this gas
	(a) Nitrogen	(b) Carbon dioxide			(c) Hydrogen		(d) Oxygen
64.	During ethanol fermentation _____ is reduced to ethanol
	(a) Pyruvate	(b) Acetaldehyde			(c) Acetic acid			(d) Lactic acid
65.	Nitrate is the final electron acceptor in
	(a) Nitrifiers	(b) Nitrogen fixers			(c) Denitrifiers			(d) Ammonia oxidizers
66.	The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia is called
	(a) Nitrogen fixation			(b) Nitrogen assimilation
	(c) Ammonification			(d) All the above
67.	The reduction of nitrogen to ammonia is catalyzed by the enzyme
	(a) Nitrogenase		(b) Transaminases			(c) Nitrate reductase			(d) All the above
68.	The oxidation of ammonia to nitrate				is called
	(a) Nitrification		(b) Ammonification			(c) Nitrate assimilation (d) All the above
69.	The enzyme _______catalyzes biological nitrogen fixation
	(a) Nitrogenase		(b) Nitrate reductase
	(c) Nitrite reductase		(d) Glutamate synthase
70.	Under anaerobic condition, the glycolysis of one mole of glucose yields
	(a) 2moles of ATP		(b) 1mole of ATP			(c) 8 moles of ATP			(d) 24moles of ATP
71.	When microorganisms moved from anaerobic to aerobic							conditions, drastically reduce
	their rate of sugar catabolism			and switch to aerobic respiration, a regulatory
	phenomenon known as_____.
	(a) Pasteur effect			(b) Raman‟s effect
	(c) Stick land‟s reaction			(d) Stoke‟s law
72.	Bioluminescence is regulated by
	(a) Enzymes	(b) Proteins		(c) Pheromones			(d) Amino acids
73.	Zymomonasanaerobica degrade glucose to pyruvate via

(a) ED pathway      (b) EMP pathway   (c) HMP pathway   (d) Glyoxylate pathway

74. Zymomonasanaerobicaferment one mole glucose  to form nearly

(a)	2mole ethanol and CO2	(b) 4mole ethanol and CO2
(c) 8mole ethanol and CO2		(d) 16mole ethanol and CO2

75.   A facultative anaerobic enterobacteriumErwiniaamylovora ferment glucose to

(a)    Ethanol and CO₂   (b) Acetate and Lactate (c) Butyrate (d) Ethanol and lactate

76.   Erwiniaamylovora ferment glucose to ethanol and CO₂via

(a) EMP pathway       (b) HMP pathway       (c) PP pathway            (d) Ed pathway

77. The bacterium ________stores sulfur as sulfur granules to serve as energy source

(a) Desulfovibrio         (b) Thiobacillus           (c) Bacillus    (d) Corynebacterium

78.   _____ is a molybdenum containing membrane bound enzyme which reduces nitrate to nitrite

(a)	Nitrate reductase	(b) Nitrite reductase
(c) Nitrous oxide reductase		(d) All of the above

a)       If molecular nitrogen is the major product of disssimilatory nitrate reduction, the process is called

	(a) Denitrification	(b) Nitrate respiration (c) Nitrite respiration				(d) All the above
80.	In alcohol fermentation the pyruvate from glycolysis is decarboxylated to acetaldehyde
	by the enzyme
	(a) Pyruvate decarboxylase		(b) pyruvate acetaldehydrogenase
	(c) PEP kinase		(d) All the above
81.	Two pigments used in bacterial photosynthesis are
	(a) Bacterio-chlorophyll and Bacterio-rhodopsin				(c) Chlorophyll and carotenoid
	(b) Cytochrome and ferridoxin				(d) Sulphate and Nitrate
82.	The enzyme luciferase is associated with
	(a) Bioluminescence		(b) Bioremediation
	(c) Biomagnification		(d) Biodeterioaration
83.	The anoxygenic photosynthesis is found in
	(a) Green sulfur bacteria		(b) Cyanobacteria		(c) Algae	(d) Plants
84.	The carbon dioxide fixation occurs through
	(a) Calvin cycle	(b) TCA cycle		(c) HMP pathway		(d) EMP pathway

85.	Cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in
	(a) Photosystem I	(b) Photosystem II	(c) Plastoquinone(d) All the above
86.	Light in luminescent bacteria is produced by the oxidation of
	(a) FMNH2   (b) C2H5OH	(c) NO3	(d) SO4

87.   In the cell wall of Gram positive bacteria one of the following compound is exclusively observed.

	(a) Teichoic acid		(b) NAM		(c) NAG	(d) Glycoprotein
88.	The photo pigment present in photosynthetic Halobacteria is
	(a) Bacteriochlorophyll		(b) Bacteriorhodopsin (c) Chlorophyll  (d) All the above
89.	Plastoquinones in microorganism serve as
	(a) Electron reservoirs		(b) Pigments		(c) Coenzymes		(d) Proton reservoirs
90.	Carbon dioxide fixation requires reducing power and
	(a) Energy	(b) Light		(c) Pigments   (d) None of the above
91.	The oxygenic photosynthesis is carried out by
	(a) Chlorophyll a	(b) Bacteriochlorophyll a  (c) Carotenoids					(d) Phycocyanins

92.   The bioluminescent mechanism of bacteria is different from the one in fireflies [True/false]

93.   Halobacterium carries the photosynthetic pigment known as

	(a) Bacteriorhodopsin	(b)Bacteriochlorophyll
	(c) Both	(d) None of the above
94.	Chlorophylls and accessory pigments are assembled in highly organized arrays called
	(a) Antennas		(b) reaction center chlorophyll
	(c) Photosynthetic Reaction chain		(d) Receiver
95.	Photosystem I absorbs ____wave length light and funnels the energy to special
	chlorophyll amolecule called_____
	(a) Longer, P700	(b) Shorter, P700		(c) Longer, P680	(d) Shorter, P680

96.   Photosystem II traps light at _______wavelengths and transfers its energy to the special chlorophyll______.

(a) Shorter, P680        (b) Longer, P680         (c) Shorter, P700         (d) Longer, P700

97. All microbial autotrophs incorporate CO₂ by a special metabolic pathway called

(a) Calvin cycle                                               (b) Calvin-Benson cycle

	(c) Reductive pentose phosphate pathway		(d) All the above
98.	In Gram positive cell wall synthesis, UDP derivatives of NAM and NAG are
	synthesized in the
	(a) Cytoplasm   (b) Plasma membrane		(c) Mesosome   (d) Periplasmic space
99.	In the production of glutamic acid, α-ketoglutarate is L-glutamic acid by the enzyme
	(a) Glutamate dehydrogenase	(b) Glutamate reductase
	© Glutamate hydrulinase	(d) All the above

100.                       Theoretically one molecule of glucose is converted to

(a) 1 molecule of gluatamaic acid                   (c) 2 molecule of glutamic acid

(b) 8 molecule of glutamic acid                      (d) 4molecule of glutamic acid

SECTION –B

1.Diffferentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs

2.   Comment on nutrition of copiotrophs

3.   Write a brief account on nutrition and energy production in chemoautotrophs.

4.   Write critical notes on oligotrophs.

5.   Write a brief account on phototrophs and their metabolism.

6.   Explain the nutritional mechanism of lithotrophs.

7.   Explain the physiology of lag phase cells.

8.   Write short notes on diauxic growth of bacteria.

9.   Explain the influence of temperature on microbial growth.

10.   Comment on synchronous growth of bacteria.

11.   Compare acidophiles and alkalophiles

12.   Explain the influence of pH on microbial growth.

13.   What is substrate level phosphorylation?

14.   Write a brief account on electron carriers.

15.   Briefly explain the outline of Ed pathway.

16.   Explain the ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation.

17.   Explain the transketolase and transaldolase reaction in pentose phosphate pathway.

18.   Write the significance of HMP pathway.

19.   Write the significance of denitrification.

20.   Define fermentation and explain alcoholic fermentation.

21.   Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in microorganisms.

22.   Write short notes on mixed acid fermentation.

23.   Comment on methanogenesis.

24.   Give a short account on propionic acid fermentation.

25.   Diffferentiatie between oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis.

26.   Explain the biochemical reaction of bioluminescence in bacteria.

27.   Describe biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall.

28.   Explain the biosynthetic process of glutamic acid.

29.   Compare the activities of photosystem I and photosystem II.

30.   Explain the steps involved in cyclic photophosphorylation in photosynthetic bacteria.

SECTION – C

1.   Give the nutritional classification of microorganisms with suitable examples.

2.   What are the major nutrients required by microorganisms? Explain their role in microbial growth.

3.   What are the minor nutrients required by microorganisms? Explain their role in microbial growth.

4.   Explain the role of trace elements in microbial growth.

5.   What are chemoautotrophs? How are they classified? Explain any four types.

6.   What are growth factors? How can microorganisms be used to determine the quantity of a specific substance in a sample?

7.   Discuss the influence of pH and temperature on microbial growth.

8.   Discuss the factors influence the microbial growth.

9.   Draw a neat diagram of growth curve and explain the phases of growth curve.

10.   What is chemostat? How it is used for continuous culture of microbial growth.

11.   What are the generation time and the mean growth rate constant? How can they be

determined from growth data?

12.   Discuss the influence of O₂ and pressure on microbial growth

13.   Discuss EMP pathway with enzymes involved.

14.   Discuss HMP pathway with enzymes involved.

15.   Describe oxidative phosphorylation in bacteria.

16.   Explain the transfer of electrons through electron transport chain and ATP synthesis.

17.   Describe TCA cycle of aerobic bacteria.

18.   By what two mechanisms might ATP be synthesized during oxidative phosphorylation? What is an uncoupler?

  

19.   Discuss microbial reduction ofsulphur and organisms involved.

20.   Define anaplerotic reaction and explain with suitable example.

21.   Discuss the factors influencing denitrification and microorganisms involved in the process

22.   Write a detailed account on alcoholic fermentation by yeast.

23.   Describe the process of anaerobic respiration. Is as much ATP produced in anaerobic respiration as in aerobic respiration?

 24.   What are fermentations and why they so useful to many microorganisms?

25.   Describe the biosynthesis of gram positive cell wall with illustrations.

26.   Discuss calvin cycle and its role in carbon dioxide fixation.

27.   Describe the characteristics and physiology of photosynthetic bacteria with suitable example.

  

28.   Discuss in detail the mechanism behind the bioluminescence in bacteria.

29.   Describe photosynthesis as carried out by cyanobacteria.

30.   Describe reductive pentose phosphate pathway.