TNSCST Student project scheme 2017-2018 notification

Tamilnadu State Council for Science and Technology (TNSCST) New notification for
Student Project Scheme 2017-2018.


Further details please visit : http://www.tanscst.nic.in/

HMP SHUNT

-HMP Shunt also called Pentose Phosphate pathway or Phosphogluconate pathway

-It is parallel to glycolysis.

- During this pathway its synthesis NADPH, Ribose 5-phosphate and erythrose 4 - phosphate.

- NADPH is involved in fatty acid synthesis, ribose 5- phosphate is precursor for synthesis nucelic   acids, erythrose 4-phosphate is for synthesis aromatic amino acids.

- Fructose 6- phosphate and Gyceraldehyde-3 phosphets enter into the glycolysis .
- Involves oxidation of glucose and its a anabolic process.

- In HMP shunt there is 2 pahses.

  1. Oxidative phase (synthesis of NADPH during this pahse)

  2. Non- oxidative phase (synthesis of 5 carbon sugars)

- 

                                             

                                             Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Over all reaction of HMP

3 glucose 6-phosphate + 6NADP+  3H2O → 2 fructose 6-phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate +3CO2+ 6NADPH + 6H

Fermented foods PPT

Go to this link and view the slides..

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qAKQwydl4LXTLLHo1YLalR_nIN-5X233E8mcaxeSlMU/edit?usp=sharing

Glycolysis

Glycolysis pathway :

-  Glycose + lysis
  (Glucose + breakdown)
-  Metabolic pathway (catalytic)
-  also called EMP pathway (Embden Meyerhof Parnas Pathway , because they discovered most            common glycolysis pathway)
- Glucose (6 carbon sugar) splits into  2 molecules of Pyruvate (3 carbon sugar)
- Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆       to Pyruvate  (CH₃COCOO⁻ + H^{+    )}
- Glycolysis can occur in with or without oxygen
- In presence of O2     first stage of glycolysis is called cellular respiration.
- without   O2    process is called fermentation.
- In eukaryotes glycolysis occur in cytosol.

    The overall process of glycolysis is:

Glucose + 2 NAD⁺ + 2 ADP + 2 P_i → 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H⁺ + 2 ATP + 2 H₂O

Link for Joining in EDMODO II BSC Micro

Go to following link , accept and join in the group


https://edmo.do/j/h8gyb6

Self Study paper- Food Sanitation

self study paper syllabus - Good laboratory Practices

MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY - INTRO

 Physiology

 Definition :   A branch of biology is dealing with functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including physical and chemical process of cells.

Simply its called Study of How Living Things work.  (Including: Growth, Nutrition and Metabolism of  Cells) 

Metabolism : 

 The term is used to describe the chemical process occur in living organisms, to maintain the living state of the cells. ( Conversion of food into energy to carry out cellular processes).

          

Metabolism  can be divided into two categories: 

             Catabolism  : the breaking down of molecules to obtain energy

             Anabolism   : the synthesis or building up new components of the cell

      

Jean Fernel (1497-1558), a French physician, who first introduced the term "physiology," from Ancient Greek, meaning "study of nature, origins."

 

The fields of Physiology are: 

  Human Physiology

  Plant Physiology

  Animal Physiology 

  Microbial Physiology etc., 

Microbial physiology 

         Microbial physiology is defined as the study of how microbial cell structures, growth and metabolism function in living organisms. It covers the study of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. It is also conveyed as the study of microbial cell functions which includes the study of microbial growth, microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure.

     

உடலியக்கவியல்/ உடலியல் (Physiology) 

         ஓர்  உயிர் அல்லது செல் எவ்வாறு இயங்குகிறது, (அதன் இயக்கம் மற்றும்  இயற்பியல் மற்றும் வேதிச் செயல்பாடுகள்) பற்றி  படிக்கும் ஒரு துறையாகும். செல்லில் நடைபெறும்  வளர்ச்சி , எடுக்கும் உணவு, உணவு உட்கிரகித்தல் மற்றும் அதன் வளர் சிதை மாற்றத்தை இதன் மூலம் அறிந்து கொள்ளலாம். 

             வளர்சிதை மாற்றம் (Metabolism)  என்பது வேதியியல் செயல்பாட்டின் மூலம் ஒரு செல்லை/ உயிரை,  தொடர்ந்து உயிர்ப்புடன் வைப்பதைக்  குறிக்கிறது. 

                    வளர்சிதை மாற்ற நிகழ்வுகள் இரு வகைகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்படுகிறது.

              

                         1.  சிதை மாற்றம் (CATABOILSM)  -   இது பெரிய மூலக்கூறுகளை சிதைத்து சிறிய மூலக்கூறுகளாக்குகிறது. 

                         2.  வளர் மாற்றம்(METABOLISM)    -  இது சக்தியை பயன்படுத்தி புது மூலக்கூறுகளை உருவாக்குகிறது ( புரதம், நியுக்ளிக் அமிலம்  போன்றவை ).

                 

                        

உடலியக்கவியலில் பல்வேறு  வகைகளுள்ளன, அவை 

மனித உடலியக்கவியலில்

தாவர உடலியக்கவியலில்

விலங்கு  உடலியக்கவியலில்

நுண்ணுயிரியல் உடலியக்கவியலில் போன்றவை. 

நுண்ணுயிரியல் உடலியக்கவியலில் (Microbial Physiology)  என்பது   நுண்ணுயிரியின் உடலமைப்பு அதன் இயக்கம், வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் வளர்ச்சிதை மாற்றத்தை தெரிந்து கொள்வதாகும்.  

        

Free Online /E learning Websites

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1.https://alison.com

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4.http://nptel.ac.in/

5.https://www.britishcouncil.in/

6.https://www.coursera.org/

7.http://www.open.edu/
8.https://www.udemy.com/

Extremophile

An extremophile (from Latin extremus meaning "extreme" and Greek philiā (φιλία) meaning "love") is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth.^]In contrast, organisms that live in more moderate environments may be termed mesophiles or neutrophiles.

In the 1980s and 1990s, biologists found that microbial life has an amazing flexibility for surviving in extreme environments—niches that are extraordinarily hot, or acidic, for example—that would be completely inhospitable to complex organisms. Some scientists even concluded that life may have begun on Earth in hydrothermal vents far under the ocean's surface.According to astrophysicist Dr. Steinn Sigurdsson, "There are viable bacterial spores that have been found that are 40 million years old on Earth—and we know they're very hardened to radiation." On 6 February 2013, scientists reported that bacteria were found living in the cold and dark in a lake buried a half-mile deep under the ice in Antarctica. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, the deepest spot on the Earth.Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 1900 feet below the sea floor under 8500 feet of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States.According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere—they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."

Classifications

Acidophile

An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 3 or below

Alkaliphile

An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 9 or above

Anaerobe

An organism that does not require oxygen for growth such as Spinoloricus cinzia. Two sub-types exist: facultative anaerobe and obligate anaerobe. A facultative anaerobe can tolerate anaerobic and aerobic conditions; however, an obligate anaerobe would die in the presence of even trace levels of oxygen

Cryptoendolith

An organism that lives in microscopic spaces within rocks, such as pores between aggregate grains; these may also be called Endolith, a term that also includes organisms populating fissures, aquifers, and faults filled with groundwater in the deep subsurface

Halophile

An organism requiring at least 0.2M concentrations of salt (NaCl) for growth^[11]

Hyperthermophile

An organism that can thrive at temperatures above 80 °C, such as those found in hydrothermal systems

Hypolith

An organism that lives underneath rocks in cold deserts

Lithoautotroph

An organism (usually bacteria) whose sole source of carbon is carbon dioxide and exergonic inorganic oxidation (chemolithotrophs) such as Nitrosomonas europaea; these organisms are capable of deriving energy from reduced mineral compounds like pyrites, and are active in geochemical cycling and the weathering of parent bedrock to form soil

Metallotolerant

Capable of tolerating high levels of dissolved heavy metals in solution, such as copper, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc; examples include Ferroplasma sp., Cupriavidus metallidurans and GFAJ-1^[12][13][14]

Oligotroph

An organism capable of growth in nutritionally limited environments

Osmophile

An organism capable of growth in environments with a high sugar concentration

Piezophile

(Also referred to as barophile). An organism that lives optimally at high pressures such as those deep in the ocean or underground;^[15] common in the deep terrestrial subsurface, as well as in oceanic trenches

Polyextremophile

A polyextremophile (faux Ancient Latin/Greek for 'affection for many extremes') is an organism that qualifies as an extremophile under more than one category

Psychrophile/Cryophile

An organism capable of survival, growth or reproduction at temperatures of -15 °C or lower for extended periods; common in cold soils, permafrost, polar ice, cold ocean water, and in or under alpine snowpack

Radioresistant

Organisms resistant to high levels of ionizing radiation, most commonly ultraviolet radiation, but also including organisms capable of resisting nuclear radiation

Thermophile

An organism that can thrive at temperatures between 45–122 °C

Thermoacidophile

Combination of thermophile and acidophile that prefer temperatures of 70–80 °C and pH between 2 and 3

Xerophile

An organism that can grow in extremely dry, desiccating conditions; this type is exemplified by the soil microbes of the Atacama Desert